Which set of items represents the major categories of non-destructive testing used on shipboard metal parts?

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Non-destructive testing on shipboard metal parts relies on four main methods that together inspect both surfaces and the interior without harming the part. Magnetic particle testing looks for surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic metals by magnetizing the part and applying iron particles to reveal leakage fields where flaws exist. Liquid penetrant testing uses a dye or fluorescent penetrant that soaks into surface-breaking defects, then is cleaned off and a developer reveals the flaw on the surface. Radiography uses penetrating radiation to image the interior of the metal, exposing internal flaws in welds, plates, and assemblies. Ultrasonic testing sends high-frequency sound into the material and analyzes reflections from flaws or boundaries to detect hidden defects and measure thickness.

This combination—magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, radiography, and ultrasonic testing—covers the major non-destructive testing categories used in ship repair and maintenance. The other options mix techniques that aren’t regarded as the primary major categories (or include destructive testing), so they don’t provide the same comprehensive coverage.