For turbine casings used on submarines, a percentage of what material is used, which is more resistant to steam erosion than carbon steal?

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When turbine casings operate in high-velocity steam, the material must resist both wear (erosion) and high-temperature oxidation. Carbon steel, while strong, erodes quickly in steam because it lacks a protective surface layer. Adding chromium to stainless steel forms a stable, protective chromium oxide film that passivates the surface and significantly improves resistance to steam erosion. That makes chrome stainless steel the better, more durable choice for submarine turbine casings.

Other materials don’t fit as well for this specific need. Nickel alloys offer excellent high-temperature strength but are costly and harder to machine for casing components. Titanium is very corrosion-resistant and light but expensive and not optimized for steam-erosion conditions in turbine casings. Copper alloys lack the necessary strength and wear resistance for this application.